Bidhan
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Bidhan ∙ 16 weeks ago
Bandwidth-sharing app brings
connectivity to all
MAXED out on your phone's data
plan? Stuck in a dead zone? Your
neighbour can help. A new app lets
users share mobile internet
connections with anyone around
them, helping the data-starved
avoid roaming charges and steep
overage fees.
Called AirMobs, the app shares a
phone's data plan with others
through the phone's Wi-Fi signal.
For every kilobyte shared, AirMobs
awards a data credit that can be
used later.
"The idea is to extend the principle
of 'give and you shall receive' to
create an incentive for people to
share their data plan," says Eyal
Toledano at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, who
developed the app.
AirMobs aims to help users avoid
high charges by connecting to the
internet via the phones around
them. In places where perhaps only
one carrier has coverage, it can
provide connectivity for all.
"You can use your credit in an area
where you don't have a
connection," Toledano says.
"Maybe the guy next to you has
great coverage."
Users can choose how much of
their data plan they share. AirMobs
runs in the background, regularly
checking the phone's battery life
and the strength of the cellular
connection
. It also detects movement, as the
signal is more stable when the
phone is stationary. When
conditions are right, the Wi-Fi
transmitter switches on
automatically, and others can then
connect.
Toledano says he has successfully
tested the system within MIT, but
he is hesitant to release it to the
Google Play Store for fear that
cellular carriers will object.
Bill Menezes , an analyst at Gartner
in Denver, Colorado, agrees that's a
danger. "Verizon Wireless, for
example, specifically prohibits
resale of its services to a third
party," he says. "The question is
how they would enforce it against
an app like this."
"If networks decided to collaborate
and let all devices roam freely,
AirMobs would be less needed,"
Toledano says. "But where
operators aren't collaborating,
user-to-user collaboration can fix
the situation."
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Bidhan ∙ 16 weeks ago
Your molar roots are leftovers
from Homo erectus
TALK about exploring your roots.
Longer lifespans mean our adult
teeth erupt later than they did in
our early ancestors, but the memo
didn't make it to the roots of our
molars. They develop at the same
pace as they did in Homo erectus .
Christopher Dean and Tim Cole at
University College London studied
the microscopic structure of adult
molars to reconstruct the pace of
their development, much like tree
rings can be used to build a picture
of tree growth. They found that the
roots of chimpanzee molars go
through a growth spurt as the teeth
erupt through the gum - probably
to provide more stability for biting
and chewing. The same thing
happened in early hominins, but
not in modern humans: by the time
our molars arrive, their roots have
been fully developed for at least a
year.
Dean and Cole found an
explanation in Homo erectus, a
species who lived between 1.8
million and 300,000 years ago. H.
erectus gained its molars at
exactly the same age as our molar
roots have their growth spurts. Or
as Dean puts it: "Our roots are
stuck in the past."
In humans, he says, root growth
spurts are merely a hangover from
an early stage of evolution. We
retain molar roots like H. erectus
because the growth spurts use too
little energy for natural selection to
weed them out ( PLoS One,
doi.org/j8w ).
H. erectus had a bigger brain and
smaller teeth than its ancestors.
Some believe, controversially, that
these features reflected big dietary
changes, including eating the first
cooked food, which would have
been easier to chew while
supplying more energy .
The new study may find favour with
critics of the controversial "cooked
food hypothesis". It shows that H.
erectus still required an early
molar root growth spurt -
presumably to prepare its teeth for
heavy-duty chewing.
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in print or online, please contact
the syndication department first
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are a variety of licensing options
available for use of articles and
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Bidhan ∙ 16 weeks ago
Get cirrus in the fight against
climate change
FEATHERY cirrus clouds are
beautiful, but when it comes to
climate change, they are the
enemy. Found at high-altitude and
made of small ice crystals, they
trap heat - so more cirrus means a
warmer world. Now it seems that,
by destroying cirrus, we could
reverse all the warming Earth has
experienced so far.
In 2009, David Mitchell of the
Desert Research Institute in Reno,
Nevada, proposed a radical way to
stop climate change: get rid of
some cirrus
. Now Trude Storelvmo of Yale
University and colleagues have
used a climate model to test the
idea.
Storelvmo added powdered
bismuth triiodide into the model's
troposphere, the layer of the
atmosphere in which these clouds
form. Ice crystals grew around
these particles and expanded,
eventually falling out of the sky,
reducing cirrus coverage. Without
the particles, the ice crystals
remained small and stayed up high
for longer.
The technique, done on a global
scale, created a powerful cooling
effect, enough to counteract the
0.8 °C of warming caused by all
the greenhouse gases released by
humans (Geophysical Research
Letters, DOI: 10.1002/grl.50122 ).
But too much bismuth triiodide
made the ice crystals shrink, so
cirrus clouds lasted longer. "If you
get the concentrations wrong, you
could get the opposite of what you
want," says Storelvmo. And, like
other schemes for geoengineering,
side effects are likely - changes in
the jet stream, say.
Different model assumptions give
different "safe" amounts of
bismuth triiodide, says Tim Lenton
of the University of Exeter, UK.
"Do we really know the system well
enough to be confident of being in
the safe zone?" he asks. "You
wouldn't want to touch this until
you knew."
Mitchell says seeding would take
140 tonnes of bismuth triiodide
every year, which by itself would
cost $19 million.
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in print or online, please contact
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are a variety of licensing options
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Bidhan ∙ 16 weeks ago
Weird high-energy flare made by
spitting black hole
GLOBS of plasma spat out by black
holes can trigger the brightest
flashes of light in the universe.
Gamma-ray bursts are high-energy
flares that mostly originate billions
of light years away, making it hard
to see how they are created. In
November 2011, NASA's Fermi
satellite saw a gamma-ray burst
coming from the galaxy 4C +71.07,
which sits about 10.5 billion light
years away. The galaxy was also
being watched by the Very Long
Baseline Array, a radio telescope
network that can see small features
at a distance.
The supermassive black hole at the
galaxy's centre is feeding on
surrounding matter, causing it to
fire high-speed jets of particles.
The radio array showed that,
around the same time as the flare,
the black hole spat out a knot of
plasma that travelled up the jet at
near the speed of light.
Electrons in the knot probably
collided with and energised light
from a slower-moving part of the
jet, producing the gamma rays,
says Alan Marscher of Boston
University, who presented the work
at a recent astronomy meeting in
California. It's still a mystery,
though, what made the black hole
erupt.
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in print or online, please contact
the syndication department first
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are a variety of licensing options
available for use of articles and
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Bidhan ∙ 16 weeks ago
Human brain model and
graphene win science's X Factor
What to do with a cool €1 billion?
How about "build a CERN for the
brain"?
That's what Henry Markram,
director of the Human Brain
Project (HBP), intends to do now
that the project has won one of
two €1 billion European research
prizes, to be paid out over the next
10 years. The other winner is a
project that aims to unlock the
potential of supermaterial graphene
.
The HBP is a quest to simulate a
brain in a supercomputer. It is the
successor to the Blue Brain
Project, which kicked off in 2005
and succeeded in modelling the
cortical column of a rat brain on a
cellular level. According to a
project spokesperson from the
Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology in Lausanne, the next
stage is to move on to the human
brain. This will involving
"expanding in all directions" and
making the models bigger and more
detailed.
The hope is that the model, once
built, will be used to identify
biomarkers that could be used to
diagnose neurodegenerative
diseases, to test combinations of
different drugs and to help build
neuromorphic computers based on
components found in the brain.
Researchers from around the world
will be able to use the simulation in
a similar way to how astronomers
would reserve observation time on
a telescope.
Flexible conductor
The goal of the graphene project is
to take advantage of the exotic
properties of the one-atom-thick
wonder material that won its
creators the 2010 physics Nobel
prize
. Jari Kinaret of Chalmers
University in Gothenburg, Sweden,
says that the flexible conductor will
be used to make electronic paper,
printed electronics and new kinds
of personal communications
devices such as those integrated
into clothing.
Also on the to-do list are batteries
for electric vehicles, lightweight
medical implants made out of
graphene nanocomposites and solar
cells that take advantage of the
material's ability to conduct light
as well as electricity.
"The first products seen on market
will be a golf club or tennis racket.
This won't take 10 years," says
Kinaret. "This was one of the
strengths of our proposal – there is
low-hanging fruit as well as long-
term goals."
Today's announcement of the
winners is the culmination of a
European Commission competition,
dubbed science's X Factor, that
started in 2010, when the EC put
out a call for computing projects
of a visionary scale. Each winner is
supposed to receive €1 billion over
10 years, half from the EC and half
from European countries and
private companies.
Four other projects made it
through to the final round and
most plan to continue with their
proposals in some form. "We are
exploring options," says Dirk
Helbing, one of the directors of
FuturICT, a project to build a real-
time, global civilisation simulation
. "The FuturICT idea will live on.
It's more a question how big will
Europe's piece of the cake be, that
European scientists have baked."
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content from New Scientist, either
in print or online, please contact
the syndication department first
for permission. New Scientist does
not own rights to photos, but there
are a variety of licensing options
available for use of articles and
graphics we own the copyright to.
Bidhan ∙ 16 weeks ago
Obama to scientists: Tell us how
to calm gun violence
The president has asked Congress
to release millions of dollars for
new research into gun violence,
including the influence of video
games
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